Tuesday, March 31, 2015

Digest for comp.lang.c++@googlegroups.com - 2 updates in 2 topics

legalize+jeeves@mail.xmission.com (Richard): Mar 31 10:11PM

[Please do not mail me a copy of your followup]
 
Joseph Hesse <joeh@gmail.com> spake the secret code
 
>1. In Funcs.cpp the file Funcs.h was included since it seems like best
>practices for an X.cpp to always include an X.h.
 
Historically, the linking model in C/C++ is such that if you reference a
symbol in a translation unit, the entire translation unit's object code
is added to your executable. This is a simplistic linkage model, but
explains why you see a function like strcmp implemented in its own
translation unit when you look at historical sources for the C
standard library. Each translation unit was considered a "module".
Symbols with static linkage weren't visible outside the module, but
symbols with extern linkage were visible to consumers of the module.
 
I haven't investigated, but I imagine that modern linkers look for dead
code that isn't referenced by anything else and eliminate it from the
final executable. That may only be performed in certain optimization
modes (whole program optimization?) and may not happen in a debug build.
 
In this sort of scenario it was common to have a single header file
for the library (think <stdio.h>) that was included by every module in
the library. In this case, the header files and source files didn't
have a one-to-one mapping. Libraries are composed of one or more
modules and declarations are made visible to clients with one or more
header files. (The C standard library contains more than just
<stdio.h> for instance.)
 
C++ has better means controlling visibility of symbols: namespaces,
visibility specifiers within a struct/class/union, etc. In a C++ code
base it is more common to break things up into small classes and
compose libraries as a collection of classes. It is fairly common to
have a one-to-one mapping between source files and headers in that a
single source file implements a single (small) class and the class is
declared for consumers in a single header file. There may be a
convenience header file for a library that aggregate multiple header
files together. (This is quite common in boost libraries.)
 
>argue that someone reading Funcs.cpp would see the use of the type
>vector<double> and therefore #include <vector> should also be there,
>even though it is redundant.
 
The general advice is that a header file should include everything
else needed for the declarations to compile. Therefore if you
reference std::vector<T> in some way in the header, you should include
<vector> in your header and not force the client to include <vector>
before including your header.
 
Further, if a source file uses something like std::vector, it should
include <vector>. The question in your example is whether or not
<vector> should appear in the header or just in the source file. If
you don't include <vector> in the header, then anyone who uses your
header must include <vector> *before* your header in order to use it.
This is placing a tax on users of Funcs.h that they must maintain. If
Funcs.h is later refactored to use some other container, or perhaps
not to use a container at all, then users of Funcs.h might be
including <vector> for no reason at all anymore. This is putting the
burden of maintenance in the wrong place. Include (or better, forward
declare) everything needed by your header file so that it stands
alone.
 
Some people write little test files in their build that look like this:
 
// TestFuncsHeader.cpp
#include "Funcs.h"
 
Their build system verifies that the header does indeed stand alone and
doesn't need any special magic in order to be used in isolation.
 
The philosophy behind the "include what you use" utility says that you
should include headers for everything you use in your source file:
<https://code.google.com/p/include-what-you-use/>
 
Their rationale for why you should do this is on their wiki:
<https://code.google.com/p/include-what-you-use/wiki/WhyIWYU>
 
So in this case, <vector> belongs in Funcs.h and is redundant in its
companion implementation file Funcs.cpp
 
>2. Same question for Test.cpp. Should #include <vector> be there since
>it already comes from #include Funcs.h?
 
If the only reason std::vector is used in Test.cpp is from the
callsites to code in Funcs.h, then I'd say no. When Test.cpp is
designed to test the implementation in Funcs.cpp, this is the clear
'no' case.
 
When a source file consumes functionality from Funcs.h, but also has
it's own code that uses std::vector outside of the API of Funcs.h,
then I would include <vector> in the source file. Eventually the
stuff using Funcs.h may split off this source file or switch to use
another API (or version of Funcs.h) that doesn't use std::vector, but
the source file still has its own need for std::vector. Then you want
to include <vector> in that source file, even though Funcs.h included
it already.
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Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org>: Mar 30 09:42PM -0400

On 3/30/15 4:42 PM, Vir Campestris wrote:
 
> But there was no STL way to say "What's my char set" or "set my char
> set" - so you're down to implementation dependent stuff.
 
> Andy
 
My feeling is why would a program embed a non-basic-character set
filename in itself anyway, and need to avoid implementation dependent
stuff? Almost always, if I need to access a filename like that, it has
come from somewhere else. If I need to hard code a filename, I will use
just the basic alpha-numerics so it is safe.
 
Just by assuming you CAN use such a file name is a big assumption, and
makes you program implementation dependent to begin with.
 
Note, that you CAN get information about the current language, by using
setlocale and passing a null pointer for the locale information, but the
encoding of the results is implementation dependent.
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Monday, March 30, 2015

Digest for comp.lang.c++@googlegroups.com - 8 updates in 2 topics

Juha Nieminen <nospam@thanks.invalid>: Mar 30 09:57AM

> Which surprised me. I expected that the program would either
> crash (unhandled exception)
 
Why would it crash? You gave it some bytes and it echoed them back.
What exactly would make it crash? The fact that the bytes just happened
to be in a form specified by some UTF-8 specification makes no
difference. They are just bytes.
 
If you want to interpret the input as UTF-8 in your program, you need
to use some library for that. std::string itself is not enough for
that kind of operation.
 
--- news://freenews.netfront.net/ - complaints: news@netfront.net ---
Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid>: Mar 30 09:42PM +0100

On 29/03/2015 22:03, Paavo Helde wrote:
> files with all valid filenames for this platform. Unfortunately this is
> still very platform-specific. On Windows for example you might need to
> use functions like _wfopen_s() or CreateFileW().
 
I think that means no.
 
By a compression system I meant something like UTF-8. Perhaps not the
best choice of words - sorry.
 
Last time I needed to know this the STL functions all took narrow
strings. That's OK if you know what character set the OS is using, and
the filename can be represented in it.
 
But there was no STL way to say "What's my char set" or "set my char
set" - so you're down to implementation dependent stuff.
 
Andy
Paavo Helde <myfirstname@osa.pri.ee>: Mar 30 04:45PM -0500

Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid> wrote in
>> example you might need to use functions like _wfopen_s() or
>> CreateFileW().
 
> I think that means no.
 
Literally, it does not mean no, because you can have a narrow codepage in
Windows like Windows-1257 and have filenames with s-caron etc as C++
narrow string filenames which are definitely not US-ASCII.
 
But I think this is not what you asked. I agree this all could work much
better. I think the root reason is that most of OS-es as well as C and
C++ predate the Unicode standard.
 
 
> Last time I needed to know this the STL functions all took narrow
> strings. That's OK if you know what character set the OS is using, and
> the filename can be represented in it.
 
There are only a handful (one?) of STL fuctions which take filenames. And
to be honest, I have never needed the fstream part of STL in professional
work. This is probably because most files I deal with are binary, not
some formatted text, plus fstream does not support file mapping anyway.
So while the current situation is sad, it's all still mostly academic, at
least for me.
 
Cheers
Paavo
Chris Vine <chris@cvine--nospam--.freeserve.co.uk>: Mar 31 12:32AM +0100

On Mon, 30 Mar 2015 21:42:47 +0100
Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid> wrote:
[snip]
> But there was no STL way to say "What's my char set" or "set my char
> set" - so you're down to implementation dependent stuff.
 
"What's my char set" and "set my char set" by themselves are
meaningless in the context of file names. There is nothing to say that
the filesystem narrow encoding is the same as a particular machine's
locale narrow encoding, and this is self-evident in the case of network
file systems: for these you take what you are given. A sane
cross-platform distributed system probably restricts itself to ASCII.
In practice, that works fine.
 
The Portable Filename Character Set for POSIX (paragraph 3.276 of the
SUS) is even smaller than that, but that is a minumum requirement. In
practice any modern unix will support practically any narrow encoding
(including ISO-8859 and UTF-8) because it views them as just another
stream of bytes terminated by the NUL character and using '/' as the
directory separator, although the space (' ') is best avoided on
unix-likes because lots of user software isn't designed to handle it.
 
On windows you have other issues arising from the need to map the
narrow character set to the wide character set.
 
Chris
"محمد رجب" <md.rg8910@gmail.com>: Mar 30 08:56AM -0700

write a C++ program to print number of zeros of a series of 10 numbers
entered by the user.
red floyd <no.spam@its.invalid>: Mar 30 09:16AM -0700

On 3/30/2015 8:56 AM, محمد رجب wrote:
> write a C++ program to print number of zeros of a series of 10 numbers
> entered by the user.
 
Your answer may be found here:
 
http://www.cs.rit.edu/~mjh/docs/c++-faq/how-to-post.html#faq-5.2
"Osmium" <r124c4u102@comcast.net>: Mar 30 12:41PM -0600

"???? ???" <md.rg8910@gmail.com> wrote in message
news:ef767427-e67e-4a47-a047-a2fc3208dbd4@googlegroups.com...
> write a C++ program to print number of zeros of a series of 10 numbers
> entered by the user.
 
As I understand it, this is your current status:
 
int main()
{
// I need something here
}
 
That's too vague to expect any help. Make _some_ attempt and post it, even
if you don't actually like what you post.
Christian Gollwitzer <auriocus@gmx.de>: Mar 30 07:48PM +0200

Am 30.03.15 um 17:56 schrieb محمد رجب:
> write a C++ program to print number of zeros of a series of 10 numbers
> entered by the user.
 
No.
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Sunday, March 29, 2015

Digest for comp.lang.c++@googlegroups.com - 14 updates in 4 topics

Chris Vine <chris@cvine--nospam--.freeserve.co.uk>: Mar 28 11:49PM

On Sat, 28 Mar 2015 22:07:05 +0000
> On 28/03/2015 08:57, Jorgen Grahn wrote:
> > Surely utf8/is/ unicode?
 
> Oh no, not at all.
 
Oh yes.
 
> Unicode is a wide character set
 
That is wrong. Unicode is a defined set of code points. There are a
number of encodings which unicode recognizes for the purposes of
encoding those code points, namely UTF-7, UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32.
Because the latter in fact is a one to one encoding with code points,
it is identical to UCS-4.
 
> that is efficient for us westerners. It isn't bad for China either, as
> a lot of the characters can be compressed down to 2 bytes - which
> means UTF-8 is no bigger than 16-bit Unicode (UCS-2?).
 
UTF-16 is the 16 bit encoding for unicode. UCS-2 only supports the
basic multilingual plane, whereas UTF-16 can represent all unicode code
points (and accordingly is a variable length encoding as it uses
surrogate pairs of 16 bit code units). UTF-16 occupies more space than
UTF-8 for the average european script. It is reputed to occupy slightly
less for the average Japanese script.
 
> but takes up to 4 bytes per character. and ++ on a char string
> doesn't work any more - you have to know you're using UTF-8 and take
> special measures to get whole characters.
 
Many "characters" (given the meaning most people think it has) require
more than two unicode code points in normalized non-precomposed form.
Some "characters" are not representable in precomposed form. Such
representations require more than one UTF-32 code unit, more than two
UTF-16 code units and can require more than four UTF-8 code units.
 
Because UTF-16 is a variable length encoding, your '++' does not work
(for your meaning of "work") with UTF-16 either. Because of combining
characters, nor does UTF-32 if by "character" you mean a grapheme,
which is what most people think it means (namely, what they see as a
"character" in their terminal).
 
> AIUI Unix has used UTF-8 since the year dot, and hence Linux since
> birth. DOS had national variants :( - which is why the Japanese (used
> to?) use the yen currency character for backslash in path seperators.
 
No. For narrow encodings, unix used to be as incoherent as microsoft
code pages for its narrow codesets. ISO-8859 was common for
non-cyrillic european scripts, KOI8-R for cyrillic, and EUC ("Extended
Unix Code") for JKC scripts. JIS and Shift-JIS was also in use for
Japanese scripts and GB 2312 for Chinese scripts.
 
Chris
Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org>: Mar 28 08:55PM -0400

On 3/28/15 7:07 PM, Nobody wrote:
> (which are less concerned about legacy compatibility) and b) the
> internet (which typically wants some degree of internationalisation
> at minimal cost).
 
One of the keys to Unicode (via UTF-8 encoding) working in *nix
environments is that the designers of Unicode made special effort to
make it fairly transparent to most programs. The first 128 characters
exactly match the ASCII definitions, so an ASCII file and a Unicode
UTF-8 file of the same content are identical. They were also careful
that no code-point looked like a piece of another code-point which makes
string searching generally "work". This means that in general, if a
program just manipulates strings at points found by searching for
characters/strings, will tend to "just work" with UTF-8 text. This
describes most of the operations in the *nix kernel.
 
Programs that need to break down a string into "characters" (like an
editor) need to be much more aware of things like Unicode.
Nobody <nobody@nowhere.invalid>: Mar 29 01:14PM +0100

On Sat, 28 Mar 2015 23:49:10 +0000, Chris Vine wrote:
 
>> Unicode is a wide character set
 
> That is wrong. Unicode is a defined set of code points.
 
Which is roughly the correct meaning of "character set" (as opposed to
"encoding", which is what some people mean when they say "character set").
 
It's "wide" insofar as their are more than 256 code points.
 
> No. For narrow encodings, unix used to be as incoherent as microsoft
> code pages for its narrow codesets.
 
I wouldn't go quite that far.
 
And to the extent that it's true, it hasn't really changed. UTF-8 is
something a lot of people *wish* was standard, but isn't. UTF-8 itself is
*a* standard, but from POSIX' perspective, it's just one of the many
encodings which may or may not be supported by a given platform.
 
In short, for all its advantages, UTF-8 isn't magically immune to
 
http://xkcd.com/927/
"Öö Tiib" <ootiib@hot.ee>: Mar 29 09:29AM -0700

On Sunday, 29 March 2015 15:14:06 UTC+3, Nobody wrote:
> encodings which may or may not be supported by a given platform.
 
> In short, for all its advantages, UTF-8 isn't magically immune to
 
> http://xkcd.com/927/
 
Yes, but that is not the case with C, C++ or POSIX standards. Those
keep string contents totally implementation-defined because
of legacy that may have 9 bit bytes or EBCDIC encoding or the like.
However since even such (more imaginary than real) systems have to
deal with data formats consisting of 8-bit octets and UTF-8 texts
(wast majority of data we have on our planet is that) it is
clearly futile trend.
Chris Vine <chris@cvine--nospam--.freeserve.co.uk>: Mar 29 05:50PM +0100

On Sun, 29 Mar 2015 13:14:04 +0100
> "encoding", which is what some people mean when they say "character
> set").
 
> It's "wide" insofar as their are more than 256 code points.
 
First, to say that unicode comprises UTF-32 and that other encodings,
including UTF-8, are not "unicode" (which was the suggestion to which I
was responding) is out-and-out wrong. You do not help anyone reading
this newsgroup to suggest otherwise.
 
Secondly, unicode is universal (as the name suggests). It is a type
error to say that unicode is "wide", and the fact that there are
0x10FFFF usable code points within the range unicode employs is
irrelevant to this. There are two narrow and two wide encodings for
unicode, if by "wide" you mean greater than 8 bits and by "narrow" you
mean 8 bits or less.
 
(As an aside, if by "wide" you are trying to bring in some association
with wchar_t, then you would be wrong to do so: on unix-like systems
wchar_t is normally a 32 bit type, therefore leaving the 16-bit unicode
encoding on this measure as "narrow" or unclassifiable on unix and
"wide" on windows.)
 
There are enough misconceptions about unicode floating around without
creating more.
 
Chris
Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid>: Mar 29 09:09PM +0100

On 29/03/2015 17:50, Chris Vine wrote:
> wchar_t is normally a 32 bit type, therefore leaving the 16-bit unicode
> encoding on this measure as "narrow" or unclassifiable on unix and
> "wide" on windows.)
 
Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think Windows just represents the first
64k code points in its 16-bit characters. With no way of representing
the rest.
 
> There are enough misconceptions about unicode floating around without
> creating more.
 
The point I pricked up my ears was "utf-8 == unicode". Which it isn't -
it's a representation.
 
And back to the question I asked a few days ago - if you want to open a
file whose name is not US-ASCII is there a way to do it without using a
compression system of some sort in current STL?
 
Andy
Paavo Helde <myfirstname@osa.pri.ee>: Mar 29 04:03PM -0500

Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid> wrote in
>> (As an aside, if by "wide" you are trying to bring in some association
>> with wchar_t, then you would be wrong to do so: on unix-like systems
>> wchar_t is normally a 32 bit type, therefore leaving the 16-bit
unicode
 
> Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think Windows just represents the first
> 64k code points in its 16-bit characters. With no way of representing
> the rest.
 
No, at some time point (more than 15 years ago I believe) the Windows
encoding was redefined to be UTF-16 instead of UCS-2.
 
>> creating more.
 
> The point I pricked up my ears was "utf-8 == unicode". Which it isn't -
> it's a representation.
 
Yes, UTF-8 is a representation of the Unicode. Which means it is Unicode
(i.e. has a property of being able to represent all Unicode codepoints).
 
 
> And back to the question I asked a few days ago - if you want to open a
> file whose name is not US-ASCII is there a way to do it without using a
> compression system of some sort in current STL?
 
Not sure what is a "compression system", but of course on every platform
the C++ implementations generally take care that it is possible to open
files with all valid filenames for this platform. Unfortunately this is
still very platform-specific. On Windows for example you might need to
use functions like _wfopen_s() or CreateFileW().
 
Cheers
Paavo
Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org>: Mar 29 05:10PM -0400

On 3/29/15 4:09 PM, Vir Campestris wrote:
 
> Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think Windows just represents the first
> 64k code points in its 16-bit characters. With no way of representing
> the rest.
 
The current Microsoft documentation describes using UTF-16, so I think
they mean to allow surrogate pairs to get to the full range of Unicode
codepoints. This doesn't say how much of the system will have trouble
with them.
 
>> creating more.
 
> The point I pricked up my ears was "utf-8 == unicode". Which it isn't -
> it's a representation.
 
As are utf-16, ucs-2, utf-32, and ucs-4. You have to use some form of
"representation" to store ANY data.
 
> file whose name is not US-ASCII is there a way to do it without using a
> compression system of some sort in current STL?
 
> Andy
 
It will inherently be implementation (or other standard) dependent. For
*nix, it will depend on the system's language setting. If it is using
utf-8, then just send the file name as UTF-8. If it is configured to use
a national code page, you send a string encoded in the national code page.
 
Windows, I believe, will always store the filename with UTF-16 (so you
don't have language interpretation issue of filenames), but the "narrow"
open function will interpret the character string according to the
defined locale, as the function will widen them.
"Chris M. Thomasson" <no@spam.invalid>: Mar 29 01:31PM -0700

> triggering cache reads.
 
 
> Can someone tell me more about how C++ 11's new memory order is
> implemented at a low level?
 
Basically, they are implemented using whatever it takes to achieve the goal
of the memory ordering constraints you specify. Just beware of
memory_order_consume... It can be tricky to get it right. AFAICT, one of
the main reasons it exists is to support Read-Copy, Update...
 
 
> And can someone tell me how to achieve that goal of cache control?
 
The cache control that you want is beyond your control at this level;
actually,
forget about cache, and think about visibility. However, you can design your
data-structures to be "cache friendly", so to speak. Basically, try really
hard
to get around false-sharing.
 
Something along the lines of:
 
https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.programming.threads/kR2OxyF5IAg/rRgHOIrcNoAJ
 
 
I can go into more detail if you want. But I am a bit time constrained right
now.
 
Sorry!
 
;^o
"Öö Tiib" <ootiib@hot.ee>: Mar 28 07:51PM -0700

On Saturday, 28 March 2015 20:37:35 UTC+2, David Brown wrote:
> nothing to put in it. That way you can make use of the compiler's
> static error checking to warn you if you accidentally use it later
> without having set it.
 
Compilers do not typically warn if you pass uninitialied variable to
function by non-const reference or pointer.
 
If you really want to get advantage from not initializing variables
then you need something that instruments stuff for runtime checking.
For example clang's memory sanitizer. Such tools seem to only warn
if the program actually reads from unintialized variable when running.
That may be some rare corner case.
 
Lot of types have some "unavailable" state when you don't have anything
to put into those. Floating point has NaN, pointers have nullptr and
so on. I prefer to initialize with such. Rest I initialize with some
likely bad value (minimum for signed value, maximum for unsigned value,
"#FEIL#" for string etc. Works fine.
JiiPee <no@notvalid.com>: Mar 29 12:21PM +0100

On 28/03/2015 17:25, Marcel Mueller wrote:
 
> There are use cases where it is no problem to declare uninitialized PODs.
> E.g. if a value is initialized by switch/case/default. Assigning an
> initial value is useless in this case.
 
althouth even then I guess its not 100% useless, as initializing might
help in a situation where human forgets for example insert default case.
So for debugging purposes and protecting human errors. But how usefull
this is am not sure...
JiiPee <no@notvalid.com>: Mar 29 12:29PM +0100

On 29/03/2015 03:51, Öö Tiib wrote:
> That may be some rare corner case.
 
> Lot of types have some "unavailable" state when you don't have anything
> to put into those. Floating point has NaN,
 
"Floating point has NaN". oh thats a good idea, never thought of that
:). I think am gonna use that.
Did you invent it yourself? I normally put something like -1.0, but NaN
is better? Sometimes I also think putting MAX_FLOAT, but that is
actually a valid value...so maybe not so good.
 
Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid>: Mar 29 09:11PM +0100

On 29/03/2015 12:29, JiiPee wrote:
> Did you invent it yourself? I normally put something like -1.0, but NaN
> is better? Sometimes I also think putting MAX_FLOAT, but that is
> actually a valid value...so maybe not so good.
 
The nice thing about NaN as opposed to -1 is that -1 + 1 is 0; a
perfectly valid number. But NaN + 1 is still NaN.
 
Andy
Udo Steinbach <trashcan@udoline.de>: Mar 29 11:14AM +0200

> What would be the reason for NOT initalizing the variable?
 
To clarify that there isn't a default nor a not-set-value.
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Subject: Re:Fwd: 從東京審判到抗日史實維護 （共上下兩集）--  每集28分鐘

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Saturday, March 28, 2015

Digest for comp.lang.c++@googlegroups.com - 15 updates in 7 topics

Jorgen Grahn <grahn+nntp@snipabacken.se>: Mar 28 08:57AM

On Fri, 2015-03-27, fefe wrote:
> u16string, u32string. The size of char is just to small to store any
> Unicode character.
 
> Conversion from byte string (utf8 or any other encoding) to unicode
 
Surely utf8 /is/ unicode?
 
The link someone posted last time around: http://utf8everywhere.org/
 
(Didn't read the rest. I'm rather ignorant of i18n issues.)
 
/Jorgen
 
--
// Jorgen Grahn <grahn@ Oo o. . .
\X/ snipabacken.se> O o .
Richard Damon <Richard@Damon-Family.org>: Mar 28 11:37AM -0400

On 3/27/15 6:20 AM, Robbie Hatley wrote:
> status of C++ regarding Unicode? I notice that in my compiler
> (g++ version 4.9.2 launched from Bash, on Cygwin, on Windows 8.1)
> if I write a program like THIS:
 
C++ does not require that "characters", in general, use a "Unicode"
encoding. The standard does provide ways to define strings that do have
Unicode encoding, but the normal string functions do not have to process
them as you might expect.
 
On many systems, Unicode will "work", or can be made to work, but for
some systems it won't.
 
It would be nice if the standard said that the "C" locale (or some other
standard defined locale like "Unicode") was Unicode compliant, but they
haven't.
 
One big feature of Unicode (in UTF-8 encoding), was that with a few
basic rules, a program can process a Unicode data stream as just a
string of bytes. The biggest of which is that the program should only
manipulate strings at know "character" boundaries, as the UTF-8 encoding
carefully makes sure that no character "piece" looks like a normal ASCII
character, and in general that in general no Unicode codepoint looks
like a piece of another codepoint. Thus you can parse a string into
"lines" based on new lines, or "words" based on spaces (or other listed
punctuation) and just past the unicode through.
 
Now, if you actually want to count "Characters" in Unicode, you need to
be fully Unicode aware, as this is a complicated attribute. With a bit
of smarts you can count "codepoints", as these are fairly simple to
define, but while these are sometimes called "characters" they really
aren't (at least if you want to consider a character as a Glyph that is
printed) as some are just control codes (so produce no visible output)
and some are combining marks that affect an adjacent codepoint in
forming the final "character" for output as a glyph.
Vir Campestris <vir.campestris@invalid.invalid>: Mar 28 10:07PM

On 28/03/2015 08:57, Jorgen Grahn wrote:
> Surely utf8/is/ unicode?
 
Oh no, not at all.
 
Unicode is a wide character set; there are more than 256 values.
 
Now most of us use characters that are only in the first 256; so a
byte-wide set works fine. On the other hand in Chinese there are way
more characters than that. UTF-8 is a way of encoding the characters
that is efficient for us westerners. It isn't bad for China either, as a
lot of the characters can be compressed down to 2 bytes - which means
UTF-8 is no bigger than 16-bit Unicode (UCS-2?). WIndows uses 16-bit
characters for its native APIs. But to meet all the characters - and
this includes some musical ones - you have to have more than 16 bits.
UTF-8 does this - but takes up to 4 bytes per character. and ++ on a
char string doesn't work any more - you have to know you're using UTF-8
and take special measures to get whole characters.
 
AIUI Unix has used UTF-8 since the year dot, and hence Linux since
birth. DOS had national variants :( - which is why the Japanese (used
to?) use the yen currency character for backslash in path seperators.
 
Andy
Nobody <nobody@nowhere.invalid>: Mar 28 11:07PM

On Sat, 28 Mar 2015 22:07:05 +0000, Vir Campestris wrote:
 
> AIUI Unix has used UTF-8 since the year dot,
 
Unix is older than either Unicode or UTF-8.
 
The kernel doesn't use *any* encoding. In general, its interfaces use byte
sequences without attempting to assign any meaning to the bytes,
except that the null byte is commonly used as a string terminator and
'\x2f' (the slash character in ASCII) is used as a directory separator in
pathnames.
 
[One exception is that Linux has a (non-standard) termios flag (IUTF8)
which causes the VERASE character (typically \x08 or \x7f) to delete the
last UTF-8 character from the input buffer rather than the last byte.]
 
User-space functions which need to know the encoding (e.g. <ctype.h>
functions, mbstowcs, etc) default to US-ASCII; this can be changed by
setlocale(), but exactly which locales are supported (and whether any of
them use UTF-8) is implementation-dependent.
 
Even here, only encodings which are substantially compatible with US-ASCII
can be used. Characters which are part of important protocols (e.g. \0 as
the terminator, '/' as the directory separator, ':' as the path separator,
'=' for separating environment variables from their values, etc) must have
the same encoding as US-ASCII and their corresponding bytes cannot appear
anywhere within a multi-byte character. This precludes the use of e.g.
EBCDIC or UTF-16 as a locale encoding.
 
In short, Unix has used US-ASCII since the year dot, with everything else
having been tacked on afterwards.
 
The extent to which a library or interface uses UTF-8 tends to be directly
proportional to its proximity to a) open-source projects (which are less
concerned about legacy compatibility) and b) the internet (which typically
wants some degree of internationalisation at minimal cost).
David Harmon <source@netcom.com>: Mar 28 10:10AM -0700

On 26 Mar 2015 23:28:36 GMT in comp.lang.c++, ram@zedat.fu-berlin.de
(Stefan Ram) wrote,
 
> ...
 
>char answer = 0; cin >> answer;
 
> What could be the reason for the » = 0« in such a case?
 
Because a variable should only be left uninitialized in extremely rare
circumstances. Maybe never.
Marcel Mueller <news.5.maazl@spamgourmet.org>: Mar 28 06:25PM +0100

On 28.03.15 18.10, David Harmon wrote:
> Because a variable should only be left uninitialized in extremely rare
> circumstances. Maybe never.
 
There are use cases where it is no problem to declare uninitialized PODs.
E.g. if a value is initialized by switch/case/default. Assigning an
initial value is useless in this case.
Or if it is an output (reference) parameter and the exception thrown
when it fails is not caught within the scope of the variable.
 
 
Marcel
Bo Persson <bop@gmb.dk>: Mar 28 06:46PM +0100

On 2015-03-27 00:28, Stefan Ram wrote:
 
> ...
 
> char answer = 0; cin >> answer;
 
> What could be the reason for the » = 0« in such a case?
 
What would be the reason for NOT initalizing the variable? Saving half a
nanosecond?
 
 
Bo Persson
"Osmium" <r124c4u102@comcast.net>: Mar 28 12:08PM -0600

"David Harmon" <source@netcom.com> wrote in message
news:8e-dnWfMSo7wfYvInZ2dnUU7-cOdnZ2d@earthlink.com...
 
>> What could be the reason for the » = 0« in such a case?
 
> Because a variable should only be left uninitialized in extremely rare
> circumstances. Maybe never.
 
Well that certainly clarifies things!
David Brown <david.brown@hesbynett.no>: Mar 28 07:37PM +0100

On 28/03/15 18:46, Bo Persson wrote:
 
>> What could be the reason for the » = 0« in such a case?
 
> What would be the reason for NOT initalizing the variable? Saving half a
> nanosecond?
 
As a general point, you should not initialise a variable if you have
nothing to put in it. That way you can make use of the compiler's
static error checking to warn you if you accidentally use it later
without having set it.
turiddubaccaleddu@gmx.com: Mar 28 07:54AM -0700

SCHIFOSO BASTARDO CRIMINALE DAVIDE SERRA (ALGEBRIS TWITTER) HA BECCATO L'INSIDER SU BANCHE POPOLARI DAL MEGALAVASOLDI MAFIOSI PIERLUIGI BOSCHI DI BANCA ETRURIA. SON TUTTI FASCIONDRANGHETISTI, TIPO NOTO VERME PAOLO BARRAI WMO, CHE SI FINGON DEL PD X..
 

 
A META' FEBBRAIO 2014, IL COLERICISSIMO TOPO DI FOGNA DAVIDE SERRA DI ALGEBRIS E TWITTER, HA, NON RICEVUTO, MA LUI STESSO ARCHITETTATO ( COSA MOLTISSIMO PIU´ GRAVE) L'INSIDER TRADING SULLE BANCHE POPOLARI BECCATO DAL BASTARDO DITTATORE BERLUS-CO-RROTTISSIMO MATTEO RENZI ( UNITO ALLA BAGASCIONA BERLUS-CO-RROTTISSIMA MARIA ELENA BOSCHI, ED IL, DI QUEST´ULTIMA, DELINQUENTE PADRE, NOTO MEGA RICICLA SOLDI MAFIOSI: PIER LUIGI BOSCHI DI AREZZO E BANCA ETRURIA). ED HA PURE RAGLIATO CHE COMPRA BANCHE POPOLARI " BEN" DAL MARZO 2014. SPUTTANANDOSI ANCORA DI PIU', COME UN IMBECILLE, COME UN PEDERASTA SODOMIZZA BAMBINI IN TANZANIA, COME UN MEGA COCAINOMANE, QUALE DA SEMPRE, STO LERCISSIMO COLLETTO DI DAVIDE SERRA, E' E STRA E'. NON PER NIENTE... IL SUO CESSO STECCATISSIMO MATTEO RENZI (CHE VIA "SS", SPINTA E STECCHE DI SILVIO BERLUSCONI E DAVIDE SERRA, HA SCIPPATO SEGRETERIA PD E PALAZZO CHIGI), HA RICEVUTO DA STO PORCO HITLERIANO DI ALGEBRIS, INDICAZIONI, ANZI, ASSOLUTISSIMI ORDINI, SU COME RIFORMARE LE POPOLARI. SUBITO: NEL FEBBRAIO 2014. "OVVISSIMAMENTE", DETTO IMMENSO PAPPA TANGENTI DI MATTEO RENZI HA OBBEDITO AGLI ORDINI ( IMMENSO PAPPA TANGENTI DI MATTEO RENZI, FIGLIO DI MOSTRUOSISSIMAMENTE BASTARDO, LADRO, TRUFFATORE TIZIANO RENZI, NOTO IN TUTTA TOSCANA COME " IL BANCAROTTIERE FRAUDOLENTO DI SATANA"). E PER QUESTO, STO TOPASTRO DI FOGNA NAZISTA, ANZI, STO TOPASTRO DI FOG-NA-ZISTA DI DAVIDE SERRA DI TWITTER ED ALGEBRIS, SI E' MESSO A COMPRARE BANCHE POPOLARI, OHIBO', GUARDA CASO, DAL MARZO 2014. UN MESE DOPO L'ARRIVO FASCIOCAMORRISTA DI MATTEO RENZI DI PALAZZO CHIGI (ULLALA' CHE COINCIDENZA, ULLALA'). INSIDER ARCHITETTATO DAL NUOVO BERNARD MADOFF, OSSIA DAVIDE SERRA, IN PIENISSIMO, E'!!! TRATTASI DI MANDRIA DI PORCI FASCIOCAMORRISTI, TIPO, ANCHE, NOTO AVANZO DI GALERA PAOLO BARRAI (DI CRIMINALISSIMA WMO, CRIMINALISSIMA BSI ITALIA SRL DI VIA SOCRATE 26 MILANO E CRIMINALISSIMA BLOG MERCATO "MERDATO"LIBERO), CHE SI FINGONO DEL PD, X... DISTRUGGERLO, INFILTRARLO A MORTE, RENDERLO DIARREA BERLUSCONICCHIA! VOGLIAMO UNA ACCESISSIMA E VINCENTISSIMA REVOLUCIOOOOOON! VOGLIAMO IL CANCROMICIDA DEL MONDO INTERO, SILVIO BERLUSCONI, FALLITO ED IN GALERA! SUBITO! PLS, DOTTOR SERGIO MATTARELLA, CI DIA UNA MANO! IN ONORE A SUO FRATELLO UCCISO DA COSA NOSTRA ( COSA NOSTRA CHE QUANDO SI METTE LA FASCISTISSIMA CRAVATTA DOLCE E GABBANA, SIGNIFICA SILVIO BERLUSCONI, DAVIDE SERRA E PAOLO BARRAI, GLIELO POSSO, NON SOLO ASSICURARE, MA ANCHE PROVARE). IN ONORE AD ETERNI GIOVANNI FALCONE E PAOLO BORSELLINO, FATTI SPAPPOLARE, SICURISSIMAMENTE, DA SILVIO BERLUSCONI, VIA, A SUA VOLTA, BERLUSCONIANISSIMA MAFIA! ED OLTRE A VOLER SILVIO BERLUSCONI FALLITO ED IN GALERA, VOGLIAMO VEDERE IL SUO PICCIOTTO INCRAVATTATO, IL FACCENDIERE DI BERLUSCONAZISTI, PADANAZISTI, E CRIMINALITA' ORGANIZZATE DI MEZZO MONDO, PAOLO BARRAI DI MALAVITOSA WMO, PURE, IN GALERA! VOGLIAMO IL NUOVO GIANCARLO LANDE, IL NUOVO BERNARD MADOFF, IL NUOVO MICHELE SINDONA, VERME CRIMINALISSIMO DAVIDE SERRA DI TWITTER ED ALGEBRIS, FALLITO, E PER LO MENO, PER QUALCHE MESE, IN GALERA! CHE SIA ETICISSSIMA E VINCENTISSIMA REVOLUCIOOOOON!
 
COME DA OTTIMO SITO INFORMARE X RESISTERE:
http://www.informarexresistere.fr/2015/01/27/qualcuno-sapeva-in-anticipo-che-il-governo-avrebbe-varato-un-provvedimento-sulle-banche-popolari-enormi-speculazioni/

COME DA CORRIERE DELLA SERA, DI, OTTIMAMENTE, ANTIRENZUSCONIANO FERRUCCIO DE BORTOLI, UOMO DA NON TOCCARE E A TUTTI I COSTI:
http://www.corriere.it/economia/15_gennaio_24/quei-movimenti-un-po-sospetti-popolari-f59ffb1c-a3a5-11e4-808e-442fa7f91611.shtml

Acquisti consistenti prima della riforma che ha abolito il voto capitario. La famiglia Boschi ha sicurissimamente passato insider trading a Londra, tramite noto ladro, truffatore, nazifascista, immensamente ricicla soldi mafiosi, che affatto va' in Tanzania a fare del bene, in quanto vi va' a riciclare cash di (sua) LL Lega Ladrona, come per suoi gusti sessuali di tipo depravatissimo: avanzo di galera Davide Serra di Algebris e Twitter ( che anzi, di stra certo, ha architettato la suddetta "mafia sulle Banche Popolari", gia´dal Febbraio 2014, dall´inizio della topaia a Palazzo Chigi, chiamata, non Governo Renzi, ma Governo Renzusconi). Ci chiediamo ora: dove prenderanno, le mazzette, i vermi nazifascisti Pier Luigi Boschi di Banca Etruria e sua zoccolona ( di fatto) Berlusconicchia Maria Elena Boschi ( bastarda puttanazista che vuole sgozzare la giustizia via estremissimamente ingiusta salvaberlusconi http://www.blitzquotidiano.it/rassegna-stampa/libero-renzi-per-fare-la-pace-offre-la-salva-berlusconi-che-fara-mattarella-2090491/.... che qui, non per niente, slingua
http://www.corriere.it/methode_image/2014/08/08/Politica/Foto%20Politica%20-%20Trattate/6ebdfe07bdd8cb1fe88af8343f8a5b1c-012-kXsC-U43030145012273wcB-593x443@Corriere-Web-Sezioni.jpg?v=20140808175213
un topo di fogna corrotto, ndranghetista, fascista, estortore di soldi alla Banca Popolare di Lodi .. pezzo di merda criminalissimo Paolo Romani:
http://www.repubblica.it/2005/l/sezioni/economia/banche21/ipolitici/ipolitici.html )?
A) Alle Bahamas
B) Alle Bermuda
C) A Panama
D) Ad Hong Kong
E) A Singapore
F) Alle Mauritius ( "roba" tipo Svizzera e' da anni 70, 80: stile nazimafioso pedofilo Silvio Berlusconi e suo B-o-ttino Craxi.. dai.. please)
Lauti premi a chi azzecca per primo!!!
---
BRAVO, BRAVO, DAVVERO BRAVISSIMO ELIO LANNUTTI A QUERELARE STO VERME BERLUS-CORROTTTISSIMO DI MATTEO RENZI:
http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/01/21/denuncia-per-renzi/1357263/
CHE SBEFFEGGIA PM PER BENE, EROICI, SALVA NAZIONE ( SPESSO SPAPPOLATI, COME IL NAZIMAFIOSO PEDOFILO STRAGISTA SILVIO BERLUSCONI FECE FARE CON GLI ETERNI GIOVANNI FALCONE E PAOLO BORSELLINO.. SILVIO BERLUSCONI, PROPRIO IL POR-CO-RRUTTORE MAXIMO DI MATTEO RENZI... ULLALA´CHE COINCIDENZINA, ULLALA´). TIPO QUELLI DI PALERMO, BARI, MILANO, NAPOLI, DICENDO, ANZI, RAGLIANDO LORO: "'OOOO OO CHE PAURA, MI FANNO, OO OO"
http://tv.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/09/10/renzi-anm-protesta-brrrrr-che-paura-sciopero-sindacati-polizia-illegale/295911/
CHE RABBIA MOSTRUOSISSIMA, QUESTO VERMINOSO, CRIMINALISSIMO TRAFFICARE FRA POR-CO-RRUTTORE MAXIMO SILVIO BERLUSCONI E POR-CO-RROTTO MAXIMO MATTEO RENZI!
https://ilgrandetsunami.wordpress.com/2015/01/17/berlusconi-che-ne-sara-di-me-il-2-febbraio-carmelo-lopapa/
"IO TI VOTO LE RIFORME (ODIOSISSIMAMENTE MAFIOSE E FASCISTE, OSSIA BERLUSCONIANISSIME) CHE STAI APPRONTANDO ( VEDI SENATORI NON ELETTI E CAPOLISTA BLOCCATI, COSA CHE ANCHE I VERMINOSI MATTEO RENZI E SILVIO BERLUSCONI DEGLI ULTIMI 8 DECENNI, OSSIA ADOLF HITLER, BENITO MUSSOLINI, ALFREDO STROESSNER, FRANCISCO FRANCO, EMILIO EDUARDO MASSERA, AUGUSTO PINOCHET E POL POT AVREBBERO SENTITO TANTISSIMO PUDORE AL SOL PROVARE A PENSARNE), TU MI ASSICURI LA NOCCIOLINA DI BEN 50 MILIONI DI EURO DI SCONTO, VIA MILLE-STECCATISSIME-PROROGHE"http://www.affaritaliani.it/economia/milleproroghe-sfratti-frequenze-tv170215.html "IO TI VOTO LE RIFORME DI AUGUSTO PINOCHET CHE VUOI IMPORRE, TU METTI AL QUIRINALE UN FANTOCCIO DI MIA PROPRIETA', CHE COMPRO QUANDO VOGLIO QUALE GIULIANO AMATO, VALTER VELTRONI O ANNA FINOCCHIARO ... O MEGLIO ANCORA, SE PARLIAMO DI MIEI FASCIOBAMBOCCI ALLA PIERFERDINANDO CASINI O GIANNI LETTA... TUTTI MIEI PUPAZZI CHE MI HAN GIA' GARANTITO CHE CON SEI EURO E MEZZO CASH, MI FIRMEREBBERO TUTTE LE GRAZIE CHE VOGLIO IN NOME DELLA MIA.... PACIFICAZIONE ALLA VASELLINA... E ... SPECIALMENTE ...GIUSTO PER ANDARE SUL SICURO.... MI FAI ANCHE E SUBITO UNA NORMINA DECAPITANTE NOIOSISSIMI CONCETTI COME DEMOCRAZIA E GIUSTIZIA CHE IMPONGA IL MIO TORNARE IN POLITICA, COSI' CHE POSSA FOTTERE IL POPOLO CIUCCIO, LE LEGGI, DOZZINE DI (GRANDISSIMI) MAGISTRATI COME ILDA BOCASSINI, EDMONDO BRUTI LIBERATI, NINO DI MATTEO, ROBERTO SCARPINATO, FABIO DE PASQUALE, HENRY WOODCOCK, PASQUALE DRAGO, ATTRAVERSO LA ( BASTARDAMENTE VIGLIACCHISSIMA) IMMUNITA' EVITA GALERA, CHE MI RI RITROVEREI"!
http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/01/18/salva-berlusconi-alessandro-pace-manina-renzi-reato-falso/1349562/
http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/01/08/salva-berlusconi-mucchetti-renzi-venga-senato-spiegare-successo/1322595/
http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/01/06/salva-berlusconi-coppi-ammette-quella-norma-segnale-per-quirinale/1318110/
IO TI VOTO LE RIFORME (ODIOSISSIMAMENTE MAFIOSE E FASCISTE, OSSIA BERLUSCONIANISSIME) CHE STAI APPRONTANDO, TU MI FAI PAPPARE RAI WAY E TELECOM, COSI´CHE POSSA CONTROLLARE CHIUNQUE NON MI LECCHI IL DI DIETRO, DISTRUGGENDOGLI LA VITA ( VEDI DISARTICOLAZIONI CON MEZZI TRAMAUTICI, ALIAS, SPESSO, ASSASSINI
http://comuni.it/servizi/forumbb/viewtopic.php?p=539677
http://www.antimafiaduemila.com/200712201537/terzo-millennio/terzo-millennio-anno-vid-numero-5-2006-nd51/pezzi-eversivi-di-uno-stato-a-pezzi.html
http://freeforumzone.leonardo.it/lofi/SERVIZIETTI-POCO-SEGRETI-MARCO-TRAVAGLIO-/D5676425.html )
E SPECIALMENTE, POSSA CONTROLLARE TUTTE LE INTERCETTAZIONI AMBIENTALI E TELEFONICHE DEI PM, E QUINDI, SGOZZARE, STILE BERLUSCONIANISSIME ISIS ED AL QAEDA, LA GIUSTIZIA. INFATTI, GIA´AI TEMPI, I PORCORROTTI GIULIANO TAVAROLI ED EMANUELE CIPRIANI, STUPRAVANO A MORTE, LA DEMOCRAZIA, PER ME, SILVIO BERLUSCONI, PIU´CHE PER MARCO TRONCHETTI PROVERA. CHI CONTROLLA LE TELEFONATE, E´DA SEMPRE, IL NUOVO DUCE, E IO, SILVIO BERLUSCONI, LO SONO, NEL MIO PAESE, ED ORMAI, DA QUASI MEZZO SECOLO"!!!
 
ECCO DOVE CI PORTANO BASTARDI LAVA CASH MAFIOSO A GO GO COME I MALAVITOSINCRAVATTATI DAVIDE SERRA DI ALGEBRIS E TWITTER INSIEME AL RENATO VALLANZASCA UNITO AD UGO FANTOZZI DELLA FINANZA, NOTO AVANZO DI GALERA, GIA´VARIE VOLTE IN CARCERE: PAOLO BARRAI NATO A MILANO IL 28.6.1965, DI CRIMINALISSIMO WMO, CRIMINALISSIMA BSI ITALIA SRL DI VIA SOCRATE 26 MILANO E CRIMINALISSIMO BLOG MERCATO "MERDATO" LIBERO ( DUE VERMI REPELLENTI CHE RICICLANO ALL'ESTERO VAGONI DI SOLDI DI COSA NOSTRA, CAMORRA, NDRANGHETA O LADRATI SE NON PURE FRUTTO DI MEGA MAZZETTE IN DIREZIONE LL LEGA LADRONA ED EX PDL POPOLO DI LADRONI; IN CONGIUNZIONE CON BANCHIERI DELINQUENTISSIMI, SPESSO PURE MANDANTI DI OMICIDI O "SUICIDATE", COME FATTO CON DAVID ROSSI DI MONTE PASCHI, QUALI GLI ASSASSINI ENNIO DORIS E MASSIMO DORIS DI BANCA MEDIOLANUM; O QUALE "O MASSONE CAMORRISTA" GIUSEPPE SABATO DI BANCA ESPERIA E GRAN LOGGIA MASSONICA ITALIANA
http://www.gruppoesperia.it/chi-siamo/giuseppe-sabato.html
https://books.google.it/books?id=B1mEj0GtktIC&pg=PT304&lpg=PT304&dq=GIUSEPPE+SABATO+LICIO+GELLI&source=bl&ots=Gqtu0KYRmD&sig=d2TOz9sZDY6563zIPxwnNYcbxb4&hl=it&sa=X&ei=I-i_VOOsBMLlUonCgZgI&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=GIUSEPPE%20SABATO%20LICIO%20GELLI&f=false
TUTTI DEL GRUPPO MA-F-INIVEST DI " STEFANO BONTATE, MARCELLO DELL'UTRI, TOTO RIINA, LICIO GELLI, BERNARDO PROVENZANO E SILVIO BERLUSCONI: " OO CHE CASO, OO")! E PROPRIO MENTRE VIENO ACCLARATO CHE STO VERME COLERICO E STECCATISSIMO DI MATTEO RENZI, COME INTUITO DA GENIO BORSISTICO ED EROE CIVILE MICHELE NISTA DA ANNI E NON "SOLO" 11 MESI, E' IN POLITICA, IN PRIMIS, PER PROTEGGERE IL TOPO DI FOGNA DI SUO PADRE, TIZIANO RENZI. ACCERTATO BANCAROTTIERE FRAUDOLENTISSIMO, ACCERTATO NEOPIDUISTA LADRONE E TRUFFATORE! CHE HA SODOMIZZATO UN MILIONE DI EURO A FIDI TOSCANA E LI HA FATTI PAGARE AL POPOLO CIUCCIO, VIA SUO BASTARDO NAZIMAFIOSO POR-CO-RROTTO DITTATORE CON LATTE ALLA BOCCA: MATTEO RENZI!
http://www.beppegrillo.it/2015/01/i_conflitti_dinteressi_della_famiglia_renzie.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7Ngp6JrK9A
http://robertoiacobone.altervista.org/debiti-azienda-di-famiglia-renzi-pagati-dal-governo-renzi/?doing_wp_cron=1421500410.9769570827484130859375
CHE VIA ASSASSINE MASSONERIE NAZIFASCISTE, VER E PROPRIE MASSONAZISTERIE,
FA DA TRAMITE FRA LO STRAGISTA NAZIMAFIOSO PEDOFILO SILVIO BERLUSCONI, LA FASCIOLESBICA MARINA BERLUSCONI E SUO FIGLIO BERLUS-CO-RROTTISSIMO MATTEO RENZI, PER FAR SI CHE BERLUSCONIA WOULD NEVER DIE!
http://www.dagospia.com/rubrica-3/politica/mascherina-ti-conosco-dopo-aver-fatto-contro-pelu-renzi-76510.htm
http://www.laretenonperdona.it/2013/06/16/cause-e-fallimenti-aziendali-i-danni-di-papa-renzi/
http://www.huffingtonpost.it/news/renzi-boy-scout-licio-gelli/
http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/12/21/tiziano-renzi-i-pm-interrogano-padre-premier-indagato-per-bancarotta/1285579/
http://micheledisalvo.com/tutti-gli-amici-di-matteo-renzi.html
http://www.affaritaliani.it/cronache/renzi-e-i-legami-con-la-massoneria021014.html
 
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bleachbot <bleachbot@httrack.com>: Mar 28 03:54PM +0100

Paavo Helde <myfirstname@osa.pri.ee>: Mar 28 03:11AM -0500

Doug Mika <dougmmika@gmail.com> wrote in
 
> I had quick question: I'm using MinGW, all the installed files are
> from 2014, and I can't seem to locate the following: std::sort
> std::for_each
 
Missing #include <algorithm> ?
Louis Krupp <lkrupp@nospam.pssw.com.invalid>: Mar 27 06:38PM -0600

On Fri, 27 Mar 2015 14:13:45 -0700 (PDT), Doug Mika
 
>I was trying to illustrate the point that the compiler complains when Class A includes Class B and class B includes class A. I wanted to know how to get around it. Now I know...forward declerations...thanks to all (The code was not meant to be "logical" merely trying to illustrate a purpose) Also, I heard you should have classes that include each other...that's probably true - at least I haven't come up with a situation yet where such could be useful
 
I would use the word "reference" or "use" rather than "include";
"include" implies "#include", which is probably not what you meant.
 
A forward declaration might be useful if you had, for example,
Cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates and you wanted conversion
functions to transform one to the other:
 
// to be put in cartesian.h with appropriate #ifndef/
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